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Bosporus Germans are those ethnic Germans living and settled in Istanbul since the second half of the 19th century. ==Nineteenth century== The first generation came a few decades before and especially during the three political visits of Kaiser Wilhelm II to Constantinople (Istanbul), the capital city of the Ottoman Empire (on October 21, 1889, and on October 5, 1898, as the guest of Sultan Abdülhamid II; and on October 15, 1917, as the guest of Sultan Mehmed V.) The Taksim German Hospital was opened in 1852. Most of the initial German settlers in Istanbul were craftsmen, industrialists and soldiers. Baron Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, also known as ''Goltz Pasha'', who was the chief advisor of the Ottoman Army for many years; and General Otto Liman von Sanders, who was a successful commander of the Ottoman Army during World War I, may be the most famous of them in the military field. Some of the most beautiful Bosporus villas, such as the Krupp and Huber Villa; or the German Fountain (1900) and Haydarpaşa Railway Station〔(Emporis: Haydarpaşa Train Station, Istanbul )〕 (1908) in Istanbul are still a relict of the German influence in the late Ottoman Empire. Most of the German engineers and craftsmen who worked at the construction site of the Haydarpaşa Train Station later established a small German neighbourhood in the nearby Yeldeğirmeni quarter of the Kadıköy district, on the Asian side of Istanbul. Previously, the German architect August Jachmund had designed the Sirkeci Train Station〔(Emporis: Sirkeci Train Station, Istanbul )〕 (1890) on the European side of Istanbul, and the nearby Deutsche Orient Bank Headquarters〔(Emporis: Deutsche Orient Bank, Istanbul )〕 (1890) in the Sirkeci quarter, within the boundaries of the Eminönü district, during the last year of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in office. Both of these train stations would play an important role in the Berlin-Istanbul-Baghdad Railway project which would enhance the economic and political ties between the German and Ottoman empires, and allow Germany to by-pass the British-controlled Suez Canal for reaching the lucrative markets and resources of the Orient by extending the railway line further south to the port of Basra on the Persian Gulf. There were also many Germans in Istanbul who supported the Young Turk movement and nurtured its relationship with the SPD as well as the German Liberals around Friedrich Naumann. From the circle around Naumann came Ernest Jäckh (1875–1959), purveyor of Young Turk propaganda (and later professor at Columbia University.) Jäckh however did not live in Constantinople for too long and can't be considered a "Bosporus German" in the true sense. Another visitor to Constantinople during the First World War was Theodor Heuss, a friend of Naumann and Jäckh, who designed the German Cultural Centre in Constantinople and later became the first Federal President of Germany from 1949 until 1959. Active Social Democrats in Constantinople included Alexander Parvus (1867–1924) (in the city from 1910–1914), and Dr. Friedrich Schrader (1865–1922) ("İştiraki" , active 1891-1918). In his book "Flüchtlingsreise", Schrader describes the preliminary end of the German community in Istanbul, when, according to Article 19 of the ceasefire agreement between the Ottoman Empire and the Entente powers, Germans and Austrians were to be expelled within one month. Germans were detained on the steamer Corcovado, formerly the swimming HQ of the German Mittelmeerdivision, some, like Schrader, tried to avoid detention and subsequent deportation by fleeing to Germany via Odessa and the war-torn Ukraine.〔Ischtiraki: November 1918: The British enter Istanbul, (Guardian Witness ), Summer 2014, part 1/3〕〔Ischtiraki: November 1918: The British enter Istanbul, (Guardian Witness ), Summer 2014, part 2/3〕〔Ischtiraki: November 1918: The British enter Istanbul, (Guardian Witness ), Summer 2014, part 3/3〕 Some Germans could stay, for example Paul Lange, the Master of the Sultan's Music, with his immediate family, who were however deported shortly after Lange was buried in Istanbul in a state funeral with great pomp, as one of the last major events of the dying Ottoman Sultanate.〔Schlegel, Dietrich: Paul Lange Bey – Ein deutscher Musiker im Osmanischen Reich, (Mitteilungen der Deutsch-Türkischen Gesellschaft ), 115(12/1992), S. 36-47〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bosporus Germans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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